PubMed It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. J Med Food. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. 2008;169:3845. CAS Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. 2011;18:32533. [84] and Sharma et al. Part of PubMed Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Google Scholar. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. PubMed Central Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0.
Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Acta Pharmacol Sin. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Int J Epidemiol. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Terms and Conditions, Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Privacy In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Vorobyov et al. Eastern J Med. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Bull Exp Biol Med. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Am J Epidemiol. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. 2013;34:26474. Qiao et al. 2009;4:e4389. 2005;438:18592. Koch C, Zador A. 2013;32:27380. as it have a harmful side. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Electromagn Biol Med. Indian J Occup Environ Med. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Neuroreport. Int J Radiat Biol. Behav Brain Res. Article It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Bioelectromagnetics. Neurosci Lett. Smythe JW, Costall B. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. 2015;140:23646. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz).
The Dangers of Microwaves and Their Effects on Food - Natural Society In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. PubMed Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. radiations. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. 2001;12:72931. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Xu et al. Curr Opin Neurobiol. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. 1984;11:4760. Radiat Res. Qutob et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Dasdag et al. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. 2003;14:2436. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. PubMed Central To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Behav Brain Res. 2009;64:2314. Springer Nature. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Article Google Scholar. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives.
Microwave Health Effects Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline?
Do Microwaves Affect Your Health? The Impact of Microwave Radiation - WebMD In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Bioelectromagnetics. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. PubMed Central Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. 2009;63:10106. Nature. 2013;42:428.
(PDF) Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health. 2004;115:1490505. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA 2013;17:711. Mol Cell Biol. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) 2014;8:63. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Thus, Cosquer et al. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Finally, Hardell et al. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. 1996;180:917. Synapse. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Behav Brain Res. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Front Neurosci. Cite this article. 2006;27:16471. Sareesh et al. Int J Hyg Environ Health. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Google Scholar. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. Trends Neurosci. Biomed Environ Sci. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). 2014;70:84555. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one.
Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. 2004;23:20114. These conclusions are presented in Table2. 2013;73:4737. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests.