The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. "White Lotus Rebellion After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. (present perfect, tell). Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. ", Dai, Yingcong. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. }, Page last modified: Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . 12 talking about this. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. . Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. As one Qing official complained:[9]. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The rebels are all our own subjects. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Nothing is known of his end. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Omissions? The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . Updates? @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people.
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